Artificial Intelligence and Sharia Adjudication: A Narrative Review of Algorithmic Bias and Judicial Integrity

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the judiciary represents one of the most significant shifts in modern legal history, yet its application within Sharia adjudication remains a subject of intense ethical and theological debate. This research provides a narrative review of the opportunities and risks associated with AI-driven legal systems, specifically focusing on the tension between algorithmic efficiency and the preservation of judicial integrity (Ijtihad). Utilizing a synthesis of literature from 2021–2026, the study investigates the phenomenon of "algorithmic bias"—where datasets may inadvertently reflect systemic prejudices—and its potential conflict with the Sharia principle of Adalah (absolute justice). The review examines whether AI can serve as a Mufti’s assistant or if its "black box" nature violates the transparency required in Islamic jurisprudence. Findings suggest that while AI can enhance procedural efficiency and consistency in minor rulings, the final judicial authority must remain human to ensure the application of mercy (Rahmah) and context-specific wisdom (Hikmah). This study concludes that the future of Sharia adjudication lies in a "Centaur Model"—a hybrid of human-AI collaboration—governed by a new ethical framework of "Digital Maqasid."